ABSTRACT
Ainda é desconhecido o papel da amizade enquanto constitutiva da rede de apoio social nos transtornos alimentares (TAs). Esta revisão integrativa teve por objetivo analisar a produção científica sobre relações de amizade em pessoas com TAs. Foram consultadas as bases PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, PsycINFO, Web of Science e EMBASE, de 2010 a 2020. Dos 1126 artigos recuperados, 15 preencheram os critérios de elegibilidade. A maioria tem abordagem qualitativa e delineamento transversal, sem indicar referencial teórico. Aspectos qualitativos das relações de amizade foram associados com redução da frequência e intensidade de sintomas quando o vínculo era considerado de boa qualidade. Já amizades que envolviam comentários depreciativos e influências negativas acerca do corpo e hábitos alimentares foram considerados fatores de risco para desencadeamento dos transtornos. Investir na qualidade dos relacionamentos entre pares pode contribuir para fortalecer a rede de proteção social e reduzir a vulnerabilidade psicossocial de adolescentes com risco para desenvolver TAs. (AU)
There is still little knowledge about the role of friendship within the social support network in eating disorders (EDs). This integrative review aimed to analyze the scientific production about friendship relationships in people with EDs. The literature review was conducted using the PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases in the period from 2010 to 2020. Among the 1126 articles retrieved, 15 met the eligibility criteria, most with a qualitative approach and cross-sectional design, without indicating a theoretical framework. The qualitative aspects of friendship were associated with a reduced frequency and intensity of symptoms when the bond was considered to be of good quality. On the other hand, friendships that involved derogatory comments and negative influences related to body image and eating habits emerged as potential risk factors for triggering disorders. Investing in the quality of peer relationships can contribute to strengthening the social safety net and reducing the psychosocial vulnerability of adolescents at higher risk for developing EDs. (AU)
El papel de la amistad como constitutiva de la red de apoyo social en los trastornos alimentarios (TAs) es aún desconocido. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la producción científica sobre las relaciones de amistad en personas con TAs. Se consultaron las bases PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, PsycINFO, Web of Science e EMBASE, entre 2010 y 2020. De los 1126 artículos recuperados, 15 cumplían los criterios de elegibilidad. La mayoría tiene enfoque cualitativo y diseño transversal, sin indicar el marco teórico. Los aspectos cualitativos de las relaciones de amistad se asociaron con una menor frecuencia/intensidad de los síntomas cuando el vínculo se consideraba de buena calidad. Amistades que implicaban comentarios despectivos e influencias negativas sobre el cuerpo y los hábitos alimentarios se consideraron factores de riesgo. Invertir en la calidad de las relaciones entre pares puede contribuir a reforzar la red de protección social y reducir la vulnerabilidad de adolescentes con riesgo de desarrollar TAs. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Social Isolation/psychology , Friends/psychology , Binge-Eating Disorder/psychology , Interpersonal Relations , Review Literature as Topic , Anorexia Nervosa , Cross-Sectional Studies , Database , Qualitative Research , Bulimia Nervosa , Bullying/psychology , Peer InfluenceABSTRACT
Abstract This study examines the influence of social support on bystander behaviors, the mediating and moderating effects of moral disengagement and defender self-efficacy at the individual and class levels, and their cross-level interaction. A total of 1310 children in grades 4-6 completed our questionnaire survey at four-time points between October and December in 2021. The questionnaires include the Scale of Perceived Social Support (T1), Moral Disengagement Scale (T2), Defender Self-Efficacy Scale (T3), and Bullying Participant Behaviors Questionnaire (T4). The multilevel moderated mediating model results show that (1) social support negatively predicts reinforcer and outsider behavior and positively predicts defender behavior; (2) defender self-efficacy plays a mediating role between social support and defender behavior, moral disengagement plays a mediating role between social support and bystander behaviors, and defender self-efficacy and moral disengagement play a chain mediation role between social support and bystander behavior; (3a) class-level defender self-efficacy has a direct impact on defender behavior and moderates the relationship between individual defender self-efficacy and reinforcer behavior; and (3b) class-level moral disengagement has a direct impact on defender and outsider behavior and a cross-level moderated role between individual moral disengagement and reinforcer behavior. These results show that the individual and class level defender self-efficacy and moral disengagement can influence the bystander behavior of primary school students, which is of great significance for schools to develop anti-bullying moral education courses and design measures to improve students' anti-bullying self-efficacy.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Reinforcement, Psychology , Social Support , Self Efficacy , Bullying/psychology , Morale , Psychological Theory , Social Behavior , Students/psychology , ChinaABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the relationship between malocclusion and bullying and its impact on the well-being and quality of life of students from low social development areas. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 243 schoolchildren between 10 and 17 years. Malocclusion was analyzed using Dental Aesthetic Index. Bullying and self-perception of the impact of one's oral condition on quality of life and interpersonal relationships were assessed by questions from National Survey of Schoolchildren's Health and Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11-14 (CPQ11-14). Data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation coefficient and Mann-Whitney tests, considering groups: 10-11, 12-14 and 15-17 years. Results: No correlation was observed between malocclusion and bullying. However, in the 12-14 group, poor correlations were found between malocclusion and the CPQ11-14 (0.226) and between malocclusion and being shy/embarrassed due to oral aspects (0.298). Positive correlations were observed between bullying and the impact on the quality of life in the 10-11 (0.420) and 12-14 (0.425) groups. In the older group, a positive correlation (0.724) was observed between the concern about what others think of their oral health and the impact on their quality of life. Conclusion: There was no evidence of a relationship between malocclusion and bullying. However, the oral conditions negatively affected the interpersonal relationships and the student's quality of life.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Quality of Life/psychology , Social Perception , Students/psychology , Bullying/psychology , Malocclusion/diagnosis , Social Environment , Statistics, NonparametricABSTRACT
O Cartoon Test é um instrumento que analisa a percepção de crianças e adolescentes acerca do significado de bullying por meio de cenas de interação entre pares no ambiente escolar. Este estudo qualitativo exploratório constitui a segunda etapa de validação do instrumento no Brasil, com os objetivos de verificar se os participantes compreendem as imagens e legendas dos cartoons e que palavras são utilizadas para descrever os comportamentos inadequados. Foram realizados oito grupos focais, com 52 alunos, com idades de oito e 14 anos, de duas cidades do Rio Grande do Sul. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Questionário sociodemográfico, Folha de registro do pesquisador e Cartoon Test. Realizou-se análise de conteúdo para tratamento dos dados. Os resultados indicaram que o instrumento foi compreendido pelos participantes e o termo bullying foi o mais utilizado para descrever situações agressivas. Para as crianças, sugere-se a redução no número de cartoons, visando evitar a exaustão.(AU)
The Cartoon Test is an instrument that analyzes the perception of children and adolescents about the meaning of bullying through scenes of interaction between peers in the school environment. This qualitative exploratory study is the second phase of validation of the instrument in Brazil. The aim is to verify whether the participants understand both the images and captions of the cartoons and to record the words used to describe the inappropriate behaviors. Eight focus groups were carried out, with 52 students, aged between eight and 14 years, from two cities in Rio Grande do Sul. The instruments used were: sociodemographic questionnaire, record sheet and Cartoon Test. Content analysis was performed. The results showed that the instrument was understood by all the participants and bullying was the word most used to describe the aggressive situations. A reduction in the number of cartoons administered to children is suggested, in order to avoid exhaustion.(AU)
El Cartoon Test es un instrumento que analiza la percepción de niños y adolescentes a respeto del significado de bullying por medio de una escena de interacción entre pares en el ambiente escolar. Este estudio cualitativo exploratorio constituye la segunda etapa de validación del instrumento en Brasil, con el objetivo de verificar que los participantes comprenden las imágenes y leyendas de los cartoons y qué palabras son utilizadas para describir comportamientos inapropiados. Fueron realizados ocho grupos focales, con 52 alumnos, con edades entre ocho y 14 años, de dos ciudades de Rio Grande do Sul. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: Cuestionario Sociodemográfico, Ficha de Registro del Investigador y Cartoon Test. Se llevo a cabo un análisis de contenido para procesar los datos. Los resultados indicaron que el instrumento fue comprendido por los participantes y el termo bullying fue lo más empleado para describir situaciones agresivas. Para los niños, se sugiere la reducción en el número de cartoons, para evitar el agotamiento.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Perception , Aggression/psychology , Bullying/psychology , Social Behavior , Pilot Projects , Reproducibility of Results , Qualitative Research , Age and Sex Distribution , Racism/psychology , Sociodemographic FactorsABSTRACT
The revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (rBVQ) is an internationally used instrument to identify bullying, but due to Brazilian students' low proficiency in reading and writing, it had to be adapted for audio-guided use through smartphones. We investigated construct validity, using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), under a two-correlated factor solution. Participated 1,742 fifth graders and 2,316 seventh graders from 30 public schools in the city of São Paulo. We found excellent fit indices models for both grades (fifth grade: CFI=0.985, RMSEA=0.020; seventh grade: CFI=0.990, RMSEA=0.015), as well as factor loading higher than 0.4 for all items, indicating their relevance to the construct. The rBVQ demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and may help future studies that aim to investigate bullying in populations with similar profiles. In addition, this study innovates by evaluating an audio-guided instrument and using mobile technology. (AU)
O Questionário revisado de bullying de Olweus (rBVQ) é um instrumento internacionalmente utilizado para identificar bullying, mas devido às dificuldades de estudantes brasileiros na leitura e escrita, foi adaptado para uso áudio-guiado em smartphones. Investigou-se a validade do construto por meio de análise confirmatória fatorial em uma solução de dois fatores. Participaram 1742 e 2316 alunos de quintos e sétimos anos de trinta escolas públicas de São Paulo. Encontrou-se excelentes índices de adequação para ambos os anos escolares (quintos: CFI = 0,985; RMSEA = 0,020; sétimos: CFI = 0,990; RMSEA = 0,015) e cargas fatoriais maiores que 0,4 para todos os itens, indicando sua relevância para o construto. O rBVQ demonstrou excelentes propriedades psicométricas e pode ajudar estudos futuros que objetivam investigar bullying em populações com perfis semelhantes. Além disso, este estudo inova por avaliar um instrumento áudio-guiado e utilizando tecnologia móvel. (AU)
El Cuestionario Revisado de Bullying de Olweus (rBVQ) es un instrumento utilizado internacionalmente para identificar bullying, pero debido a las dificultades de estudiantes brasileños en la lectura y la escritura, se ha adaptado su uso por medio de audioguías en smartphones. Se investigó la validez del constructo mediante el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio, bajo un modelo de dos factores. Participaron 1742 y 2316 estudiantes de quinto y séptimo curso de 30 escuelas públicas de São Paulo. Excelentes tasas de adecuación fueron encontradas para ambos casos (quinto año: CFI=0,985, RMSEA=0,020; séptimo año: CFI=0,990, RMSEA=0,015), además de cargas factoriales superiores a 0,4 para todos los ítems, lo que indica su relevancia para el constructo. El instrumento rBVQ ha presentado excelentes propiedades psicométricas y puede ayudar a futuros estudios pretendan investigar el bullying en poblaciones con perfiles similares. Además, este estudio innova al evaluar un instrumento guiado por audio, empleando la tecnología móvil. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Crime Victims/psychology , Bullying/psychology , Psychometrics , Students/psychology , Reproducibility of Results , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Education, Primary and Secondary , Mobile ApplicationsABSTRACT
Introducción. El acoso escolar (bullying) comprende conductas de intimidación, hostigamiento y acoso físico o psicológicoejercidas intencionalmente por un escolar(acosador) contra otro (víctima) en formareiterada. Incluye el maltrato físico y verbal, la exclusión social y el ciberacoso (ciberbullying). Las víctimas incrementan el ausentismo escolar y tienen más riesgo de desarrollar síntomassomáticos, ansiedad, depresión y suicidio. Si bien el cuestionario Adolescent Peer Relations Instrument (APRI) para la pesquisa de acoso escolar (19 ítems) fue validado en España en 2016, no se contaba con una herramienta validadaen Argentina. Objetivo. Obtener una versión abreviadaadaptada al español hablado en Argentina del cuestionario APRI. Población y método. Se realizó una adaptación transcultural al español hablado en Argentina del cuestionario APRI para la pesquisa deacoso escolar en adolescentes y, posteriormente, la reducción de ítems mediante un procesomatemático (análisis factorial exploratorio) y conceptual (comité de expertos). Participaron adolescentes de 13 a 17 años que cursabanestudios secundarios en dos escuelas estatales de la localidad Boulogne Sur Mer en San Isidro, provincia de Buenos Aires. Resultados. Se obtuvo una versión abreviada delcuestionario, conformada por 14 ítems divididosen dos dominios: maltrato físico y victimización verbal y social. Conclusiones. El cuestionario abreviado obtenidotiene equivalencia semántica con la versiónoriginal y cuenta, además, con una adecuada validez aparente y de contenido.
Introduction. Bullying encompasses intentional intimidation, abuse, and physical or psychological harassment behaviors by a student (bully) against another student (victim) repeatedly. It includes physical and verbal abuse, social exclusion, and cyberbullying. Victims miss school more often and have a higher risk for somatic symptoms, anxiety, depression, and suicide. Although the Adolescent Peer Relations Instrument (APRI) is a bullying screening questionnaire (19 items) validated in Spain in 2016, there was no validated instrument available in Argentina. Objective. To obtain a short version adapted to Argentine Spanish of the APRI. Population and method. The APRI, a questionnaire to screen for bullying among adolescents, was cross-culturally adapted to Argentine Spanish language and then questionnaire items were reduced by a mathematical process (exploratory factor analysis) and a conceptual process (expert committee). Participants were adolescents aged 13-17 years who were attending secondary public schools in the city of Boulogne Sur Mer, San Isidro, province of Buenos Aires. Results. A short questionnaire version made up of 14 items divided into 2 dimensions (physical abuse and social and verbal victimization) was obtained. Conclusions. The resulting short questionnaire is semantically equivalent to the original version and also has adequate apparent and content validity.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Crime Victims/psychology , Bullying/psychology , Schools , Surveys and Questionnaires , Factor Analysis, Statistical , LanguageSubject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Bullying/classification , Bullying/prevention & control , Bullying/psychologyABSTRACT
This study aimed to understand the impact of victimization caused by bullying on the mental health of adolescents. It is a qualitative investigation conducted with 55 students from 11 public schools in a city of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and reviewed according to content analysis using Atlas TI software. A total of 19 students participating in the study reported having already suffered bullying at school. It was verified in the narratives that the victimization by bullying represents a threat to the health and mental well-being of the students, characterizing itself as a painful, daily and lasting experience in the school trajectory. Four thematic categories were identified: 1) Mental illness attributed to the aggressions suffered; 2) Negative emotions associated with school and peer relationships; 3) Impotence and passivity; and 4) distrust of weak institutional responses. The results can support interventions to promote mental health at school with victimized students. (AU)
Este estudo objetivou compreender o impacto da vitimização por bullying na saúde mental de adolescentes. Trata-se de uma investigação qualitativa, desenvolvida junto a 55 estudantes de 11 escolas públicas de uma cidade do interior de Minas Gerais. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e analisados segundo a análise de conteúdo no software Atlas.TI. No grupo de participantes, 19 estudantes revelaram já ter sofrido bullying na escola. Verificou-se nas narrativas que a vitimização por bullying representa uma ameaça à saúde e bem-estar mental, caracterizando-se como uma experiência negativa, cotidiana e duradoura na trajetória escolar. Quatro categorias temáticas foram identificadas: 1) Sofrimentos mentais atribuídos às agressões sofridas; 2) Emoções negativas associadas à escola e aos relacionamentos com pares; 3) Impotência e passividade; e 4) Desconfiança diante das fracas respostas institucionais. Os resultados podem subsidiar intervenções com foco na promoção da saúde mental na escola junto aos estudantes vitimizados. (AU)
Este estudio tuvo por objetivo comprender el impacto de la victimización por acoso escolar en la salud mental de los adolescentes. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, desarrollada junto a 55 estudiantes de 11 escuelas públicas brasileñas. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas y analizadas según el análisis de contenido en el software Atlas.TI. 19 estudiantes revelaron ya haber sufrido acoso en la escuela. Se verificó que la victimización representa una amenaza para la salud mental y el bienestar, caracterizándose como una experiencia negativa, cotidiana y duradera en la trayectoria escolar. Se identificaron cuatro categorías temáticas: 1) las enfermedades mentales atribuidas a las agresiones sufridas; 2) Emociones negativas asociadas a la escuela y a las relaciones con pares; 3) Impotencia y pasividad; y 4) Desconfianza ante las débiles respuestas institucionales. Los resultados pueden subsidiar intervenciones con foco en la promoción de la salud mental en la escuela. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Young Adult , Mental Health , Crime Victims/psychology , Bullying/psychology , Students/psychology , Qualitative Research , Interview, PsychologicalABSTRACT
This study aimed to investigate the narratives of bullying and the expression of self-compassion in statements written by adolescents as a possible coping strategy. Participated 162 adolescents from a state in northern Brazil. The data collected in written testimonials were categorized based on Bardin's Content Analysis. The instructions provided for preparing the testimonies supported the structuring of four categories: 1) bullying experience; 2) reasons for bullying; 3) consequences of bullying; 4) coping strategies and self-compassion expressions. The results suggest 63.7% of adolescents witnessed bullying behaviors. Physical characteristics were the main motivation reported toward bullying. Negative feelings and psychosomatic symptoms were the main consequences reported. The adolescents reported forms of self-compassion as a coping resource before receiving psychoeducation about the concept. The implications of these findings and the use of psychoeducational interventions on bullying and self-compassion are discussed. (AU)
Esse estudo objetivou investigar as narrativas de bullying e a expressão da autocompaixão, em depoimentos escritos por adolescentes, como possível estratégia de enfrentamento. Participaram 162 adolescentes de uma escola estadual do norte do Brasil. Os dados coletados por escrito foram categorizados com base na Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. As instruções fornecidas para elaboração dos depoimentos fundamentaram a estruturação de quatro categorias: 1) vivências de bullying; 2) motivos para o bullying; 3) consequências do bullying; 4) estratégias de enfrentamento e expressões autocompassivas. Os resultados sugerem que 63,7% dos adolescentes presenciaram comportamentos de bullying. Características físicas foram percebidas como motivo para realização de bullying. Sentimentos negativos e sintomas psicossomáticos foram as principais consequências relatadas. Os adolescentes reportaram formas de autocompaixão como recurso de enfrentamento antes de receberem psicoeducação sobre o conceito. As implicações desses achados e a utilização de intervenções psicoeducativas sobre bullying e autocompaixão são discutidas. (AU)
Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los relatos de bullying, y la expresión de la autocompasión en testimonios escritos por adolescentes como posible estrategia de afrontamiento. Participaron 162 adolescentes de una escuela pública del norte de Brasil. Los datos recopilados por escrito fueron categorizados según el Análisis de Contenido de Bardin. Las instrucciones proporcionadas para la elaboración de los testimonios fundamentaron la estructuración de cuatro categorías: 1) experiencias de bullying; 2) razones para el bullying; 3) consecuencias del bullying; 4) estrategias de afrontamiento y expresiones de autocompasión. Los resultados sugieren que 63,7% de los adolescentes presenciaron conductas de bullying. Las características físicas fueron percibidas como la razón del bullying. Los sentimientos negativos y los síntomas psicosomáticos fueron las consecuencias. Los adolescentes reportaron formas de autocompasión como recurso de afrontamiento antes de recibir psicoeducación sobre el concepto. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos hallazgos y el uso de intervenciones psicoeducativas sobre bullying y autocompasión. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adaptation, Psychological , Empathy , Bullying/psychology , Brazil , Narration , Qualitative ResearchABSTRACT
O assédio moral tem reverberado em pedidos indenizatórios junto ao poder judiciário trabalhista, e muitos deles têm sido negados. Dentre os motivos, estão as inconsistências apresentadas pelos advogados nos processos judiciais. Desse modo, o objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a compreensão dos advogados em relação ao assédio moral no trabalho, por meio de um estudo qualitativo com 16 advogados, que defenderam ao menos um processo de assédio moral. Os dados oriundos de entrevistas foram tratados por análise de conteúdo, gerando categorias temáticas a posteriori. Os principais achados indicaram compreensões sobre o assédio moral divergentes do embasamento jurídico e psicológico, em termos de definição e caracterização, bem como quanto à distinção entre assédio e dano moral. Ademais, os advogados informaram os principais meios de prova utilizados, as dificuldades no estabelecimento do nexo causal entre assédio e adoecimento e relataram condutas enganosas que contribuem para fragilizar a noção de assédio moral. Os resultados geram preocupações quanto ao enfrentamento do assédio moral no trabalho, indicando a necessidade de qualificar a compreensão dos advogados.
Moral harassment has reverberated in claims for damages to the labor justice system, and many of them have been denied. Among the reasons are the inconsistencies presented by lawyers in lawsuits. Thus, the objective of this research is to analyze the understanding of lawyers in relation to bullying at work, through a qualitative study with 16 lawyers, who defended at least one case of moral harassment. Data from interviews were treated using content analysis, generating thematic categories a posteriori. The main findings indicated understandings of moral harassment that differed from the legal and psychological basis, in terms of definition and characterization, as well as the distinction between moral harassment and moral damage. Furthermore, the lawyers informed the main means of evidence used, the difficulties in establishing the causal link between harassment and illness, and reported misleading conduct that contributes to weakening the concept of moral harassment. The results raise concerns about coping with bullying at work, indicating the need to improve lawyers' understanding on the subject.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adult , Middle Aged , Bullying/psychology , Occupational Groups , LawyersABSTRACT
Hemos leído con particular interés el manuscrito de Cedillo-Ramírez,1 titulado Acoso escolar cibernético en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19, en el que se hace una excelente descripción sobre un problema de suma importancia en el marco de las modificaciones actuales por la COVID-19, relacionado a la educación virtual en la población escolar. No obstante, el problema es más grave de lo que se puede percibir. Existen dos aspectos fundamentales que no se pueden omitir: las implicaciones del acoso per se a largo plazo, y la salud mental del victimario. Desafortunadamente, se ha descrito que el bullying es una situación ubicua en la experiencia escolar,2 y a pesar de que la víctima, en este caso es un niño o adolescente, puede manifestar secuelas emocionales e incluso incurrir en conductas autolesivas a nivel físico, es necesario establecer el pronóstico de dicha afectación. Stewart y otros3 realizaron un estudio en el cual evaluaron 340 adolescentes deprimidos por ser víctimas de bullying en el contexto de hospitalización psiquiátrica. Dicha investigación encontró que abstenerse de exteriorizar los sentimientos de afectación ligados al acoso, se asoció con un mayor número de intentos suicidas, siendo este más prevalente en hombres.3 Estos investigadores concluyeron que los resultados soportan un complejo entramado de factores que llevan finalmente al adolescente a la ideación suicida, por lo que es necesario instaurar programas de prevención e intervención en todas las instituciones escolares para hacer un estricto seguimiento a este tipo de eventos. De forma similar, concluyen Vergara y otros,4 posterior a evaluar el impacto de la perpetuación del bullying en una corte de 223 adolescentes, que en sus resultados destacan más la importancia del acosador dentro este círculo violento4 en comparación a otros estudios donde concentran la atención principalmente en las victimas.2,3 Por otra parte, se considera que el victimario es un individuo que presenta alteración de la conducta, lo que predispone a la persistencia de la realización de actos delictivos en años posteriores. Este problema fue planteado por Wallinius y otros,5 quien desarrolló un estudio en el cual encontraron que este tipo de comportamientos durante la etapa escolar son predictores tempranos de desarrollo de conductas antisociales agresivas, con subsecuente criminalidad e impacto negativo en casi todas las esferas sociales, durante la transición hacia la adultez.5 Se ha descrito que estos actos son una barrera frente a condiciones psicológicas/psiquiátricas inestables como la depresión, miedo patológico, ansiedad, enfermedad orgánica abandonada, problemas financieros, y la expresión del maltrato intrafamiliar.6 Por lo tanto, es de esperarse que en la actualidad, en el marco del confinamiento secundario a la emergencia sanitaria, las familias compartan mayor tiempo y espacio, intensificando y trasladando ese tipo de actitudes violentas a los medios de uso actual. El agobio del estilo de vida que llevan las sociedades actuales, que acarrean crisis económicas, sociales, educativas y culturales, acentúan este problema, incrementando el riesgo de violencia en cualquiera de sus modalidades, independientemente de variables como el género o la edad. El acoso en todas sus presentaciones, es una condición que casi en su totalidad, se convierte en un ciclo vicioso transgeneracional.7 De aquí radica la importancia de intervenir de forma oportuna sobre este tipo de dificultades, la cual muchas veces fue descuidada durante el desarrollo de la generación adulta actual, ocasionando los resultados que podrían relacionarse con las estadísticas actuales sobre violencia a nivel global.8 Es por esto que la presentación de conductas antisociales en el contexto escolar, debe ser abordado directamente por los servicios de psiquiatría y psicología clínica, en función de examinar los factores que desencadenan este comportamiento, y prevenir la persistencia de la misma, así como evitar el impacto negativo sobre los afectados, el cual claramente es significativo para salvaguardar la salud física y mental de las futuras generaciones(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Students , Bullying/psychology , Cyberbullying/prevention & control , COVID-19ABSTRACT
Objetivo: Investigar as naturezas do sofrimento psicológico ocasionado por problemas bucais. Métodos: Esta pesquisa adotou uma abordagem qualitativa e caráter exploratório-descritivo, utilizando-se da entrevista semiestruturada e da observação assistemática como instrumentos de coleta de dados. Para a análise dos dados da pesquisa foi utilizada a análise do conteúdo e a amostra da pesquisa foi de 25 participantes, entre homens e mulheres, que buscaram atendimento odontológico em uma clínica de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil nos meses de maio e junho de 2020. Resultados: todos os participantes foram afetados psiquicamente pela existência de problemas bucais, o que gerou problemas de autoestima e autoimagem. Com o início do tratamento, os participantes relataram uma melhora na autoestima, não minimizando, contudo, outros tipos de sentimentos provenientes do problema bucal, como desconforto, dores e bullying. Conclusão: Problemas bucais podem gerar sofrimento psicológico aos pacientes, prejudicando sua autoimagem, acarretando, muitas das vezes, no isolamento e dificuldade em relacionar-se com outras pessoas. Portanto, um sorriso harmonioso é importante não somente por questões estéticas, mas para que o indivíduo se sinta bem consigo mesmo.
Aim:To investigate the nature of psychological distress caused by oral problems. Methods: This research adopted a qualitative approach and exploratory-descriptive design, employing, as data collection tools, a semi-structured interview and an unsystematic observation. For the research's data analysis, content analysis was used, and the research sample featured 25 participants, between men and women, who sought out dental care in a Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil dental clinic between May and June 2020. Results: All the participants were affected psychologically by the existence of oral problems, which led to self-esteem and self-image problems. With the start of treatment, the participants reported an improvement in self-esteem and self-image, not minimizing, however, other types of feelings that come with oral problems, like discomfort, pain, and bullying. Conclusion: Oral problems can cause psychological pain to the patients, harming their self-esteem and self-image, often leading to isolation and trouble interacting with other people. Therefore, a harmonious smile is important not only for esthetic reasons, but also for individuals to feel good about themselves.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Self Concept , Smiling/psychology , Dental Care/psychology , Psychological Distress , Dental Health Surveys , Oral Health , Interviews as Topic , Bullying/psychology , EmbarrassmentABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Describir los conocimientos que tienen los estudiantes entre los 12 y 17 años frente al acoso escolar, en una institución educativa de la localidad de Ciudad Bolívar (Colombia)en el segundo semestre del 2020. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se desarrolló un estudio cualitativo con enfoque descriptivo exploratorio, con el fin de comprender experiencias y percepciones de la niñez y adolescencia con respecto al acoso escolar. Se llevó a cabo una encuesta con 134 niños entre los 12 y 17 años y un grupo focal de 12 participantes de distintas edades, pertenecientes a la institución educativa. El análisis y la sistematización de la información y la codificación se realizó utilizando el software Nvivo V.12. RESULTADOS: luego del análisis cualitativo emergieron cuatro categorías: definiciones de acoso escolar, porqué se realiza el Acoso Escolar, reacciones frente al acoso escolar y lugares donde se realiza el acoso escolar. CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de reconocer a través de las categorías cómo se realiza el Acoso Escolar, dónde se realiza y sus principales efectos, se evidenció como la definición de acoso en este estudio al igual que en la literatura no es única, el aspecto común es que es una forma de agresión. Se sigue reconociendo como primera causa del acoso escolar el manejo del poder justificándose desde razones económicas, aspecto físico, el género y su desarrollo durante el colegio. Desde Enfermería es importante liderar programas para la promoción de convivencia en paz, prevención de la aparición de este fenómeno y su reconocimiento temprano, con el fin de disminuir consecuencias graves y aportar a nuestra sociedad en búsqueda de reconciliación que se reflejará en una convivencia pacífica en las aulas; aspecto que se reflejará en futuros ciudadanos respetuosos de las diferencias y tolerantes en búsqueda de un país mejor.
OBJECTIVE: Describe the knowledge that students between 12 and 17 years of age have against bullying, in an educational institution in the town of Ciudad Bolívar (Colombia) in the second semester of 2020. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A qualitative study was developed with descriptive exploratory approach, in order to understand experiences and perceptions of childhood and adolescence regarding bullying. A survey was carried out with 134 children between 12 and 17 years old and a focus group of 12 participants of different ages, belonging to the educational institution. The analysis and systematization of the information and coding was carried out using the Nvivo V.12 software. RESULTS: after the qualitative analysis, four categories emerged: definitions of bullying, why bullying is carried out, reactions to bullying and places where bullying is carried out. CONCLUSIONS: Despite recognizing through the categories how bullying is carried out, where it is carried out and its main effects, it was evidenced that the definition of bullying in this study as in the literature is not unique, the common aspect is which is a form of aggression. The handling of power is still recognized as the main cause of bullying, justified from economic reasons, physical appearance, gender and its development during school. From Nursing it is important to lead programs for the promotion of peaceful coexistence, prevention of the appearance of this phenomenon and its early recognition, in order to reduce serious consequences and contribute to our society in search of reconciliation that will be reflected in a peaceful coexistence in the classrooms; an aspect that will be reflected in future citizens who are respectful of differences and tolerant in search of a better country.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Students/psychology , Women/education , Child , Adolescent , Bullying/psychology , School Nursing , Power, Psychological , Colombia , Knowledge , AggressionABSTRACT
BACKGROUND@#Suicidal behaviors are seriously social issues among adolescents in the world. Exposed to smoking and being bullied are risk factors of suicidal behaviors. The present study was aimed to examine the interaction of smoking and being bullied on suicidal behaviors among Chinese adolescents.@*METHODS@#A total of 18,900 students were involved in the questionnaire study, in four cities of China from November 2017 to January 2018. Suicidal behaviors, smoking, and being bullied were measured by self-reported validated instruments. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used to analyze the associations of suicidal ideation (SI)/suicidal plan (SP)/suicidal attempt (SA), smoking, and being bullied.@*RESULTS@#The prevalence of smoking, being bullied, SI/SP/SA, were 3.1%, 20.6%, 26.4%, 13.2%, and 5.2% respectively. Interaction analysis indicated that being bullied was associated with a greater increase in the likelihood of suicidal behaviors for adolescents with smoking than for those without smoking.@*CONCLUSIONS@#These finding suggest that smoking exacerbates the association between being bullied and suicidal behaviors. Future research should explore how and why smoking appears to more bully-victims than for those without smoking and how to mitigate it.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Humans , Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Bullying/psychology , China/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Prevalence , Smoking/psychology , Students/statistics & numerical data , Suicidal IdeationABSTRACT
Resumen: Introducción: El acoso escolar (en inglés: bullying) corresponde a un abuso de poder sistematizado que se puede manifestar a través de distintos tipos de violencia, que puede ser física, verbal, exclu sión social, entre otras. Dada la posible relación entre bullying y suicido, y su reciente repercusión mediática en nuestro país, es que se realiza esta revisión que explora la asociación entre bullying y desarrollo de depresión y/o suicidio. Objetivos: Revisar la literatura disponible y analizar la relación entre el acoso escolar (bullying) y el desarrollo de depresión y/o suicidio. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO y LILACS con términos MeSH "bu llying', "depression", "suicide", "acoso escolar", "depresión" y "suicidio", seleccionando para revisión 18 de 73 resultados. Resultados: Existe evidencia que establece relación entre exposición a bullying y desarrollo de depresión y suicidio en adolescentes, y enfatiza la importancia de la depresión como mediador entre el bullying y la conducta suicida. El cyberbullying es una nueva forma de expresión de este fenómeno, con evidencia en el desarrollo de depresión y suicidio, mayoritariamente en adoles centes mujeres. Es llamativa la escasez de estudios originales en Latinoamérica. Conclusiones: Pese a la heterogeneidad de los estudios, la evidencia refuerza la necesidad de mejorar los mecanismos de pesquisa y prevención de conductas de bullying entre adolescentes, con objetivo de disminuir la incidencia de depresión y suicidio en esta población.
Abstract: Introduction: Bullying is a systematized abuse of power that can be expressed through different types of violence such as physical, verbal, social exclusion, among others. Given the potential asso ciation between bullying and suicide, and its recent media repercussion in our country, this review explores the evidence that associates bullying and the development of depression and/or suicide. Objectives: To review the available literature and analyze the relationship between bullying and the development of depression and/or suicide. Methods: a bibliographic search was conducted in the PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases with MeSH terms "bullying", "depression", "suicide", "acoso escolar", "depresión" and "suicidio", selecting 18 of 73 results for review. Results: There is evidence that establishes a relationship between exposure to bullying and the development of de pression and suicide in adolescents, and emphasizes the importance of depression as a mediator between bullying and suicidal behavior. Cyberbullying is a new way of expression of this pheno menon, with evidence in the development of depression and suicide, mostly in female adolescents. The lack of original studies in Latin America is worrying. Conclusions: Despite the heterogeneity of the studies, the evidence reinforces the need to improve the mechanisms of research and pre vention of bullying among adolescents, in order to reduce the incidence of depression and suicide in this population.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Suicide/psychology , Depression/etiology , Bullying/psychology , Risk Factors , Depression/psychology , Latin AmericaABSTRACT
RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar fatores escolares, sociodemográficos, nutricionais e de percepção corporal e comportamental associados à vitimização por bullying entre estudantes brasileiros com idade de 13 a 17 anos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com base nos dados da amostra 2 da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2015. A amostra do presente estudo é composta de 10.699 adolescentes de escolas de cada grande região do país. Resultados: A prevalência de vitimização por bullying foi de 6,2%, com maiores chances de vitimização em adolescentes que praticam bullying (razão de chances - OR = 1,91, intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 1,48 - 2,45), com idade de 13 anos (OR = 1,76, IC95% 1,04 - 2,97), que se consideram gordos (OR = 1,45, IC95% 1,06 - 1,98) e não são bem tratados na escola pelos colegas (OR = 2,78, IC95% 2,17 - 3,45). Conclusão: Esforços preventivos que incluam programas de incentivo ao maior suporte social entre os estudantes e a implementação de práticas que reforcem o respeito às diferenças e peculiaridades dos alunos podem contribuir para a redução da vitimização por bullying.
ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze sociodemographic, school, nutritional, and behavioral factors and body perception associated with being bullied in Brazilian students aged 13 to 17 years old. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study based on data from sample 2 of the 2015 Brazilian School Health Survey. The sample for this study was composed of 10,699 teenagers from schools in each of the largest regions of Brazil. Results: The prevalence of being bullied was 6.2%, with the highest chance of in teens who bully others (OR = 1.91 95%CI 1.48 - 2.45), who are 13 years old (OR = 1.76, 95%CI 1.04 - 2.97), who consider themselves fat (OR = 1.45, 95%CI 1.06 - 1.98) and who are not treated well by their schoolmates (OR = 2.78, 95%CI 2.17 - 3.45). Conclusion: Preventive efforts that include programs to encourage greater social support among students, as well as the implementation of practices that encourage respect for students' differences and singularities can contribute to reducing bullying practices.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Students/psychology , Violence/statistics & numerical data , Crime Victims , Bullying/psychology , Schools , Students/statistics & numerical data , Brazil , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Bullying/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze factors associated with the prevalence of maltreatment and bullying and to identify types of involvement (verbal, physical, social, sexual, cyberbullying) among high school students aged 15 to 19 years. Methods: A cross-sectional, school-based epidemiological survey was performed. The sample included 2,293 adolescents from public and private schools in the Greater Vitoria area (state of Espírito Santo, Brazil). A modified version of the Brazilian Portuguese Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire was used. Results: Among maltreatment behaviors, 43.3% of adolescents reported having been victims vs. 40.4% reporting to be aggressors. Among bullying behaviors, 41% reported victimization and 29.1% aggression. The most frequent types of bullying were verbal (victim = 33.8%, bully = 23.1%), social (victim = 21.8%, bully = 16.9%), and physical bullying (victim = 15.1%, bully = 8.7%). Of those reporting to be victims, 37.5% stated that they did not react as frequently as they were attacked. Almost half of the students (50.9%) identified themselves as victims, without practicing any type of aggression against another schoolmate. School network (public or private) and gender were significantly associated with victimization and aggression behaviors. Conclusion: The adolescents identified as victims did not generally attack other students, i.e., did not identify themselves as perpetrators. The high prevalence of maltreatment and bullying detected in this study, especially the verbal, social, and physical types, underscores the need for interventions addressing bullying in schools.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Students/statistics & numerical data , Crime Victims/statistics & numerical data , Bullying/statistics & numerical data , Schools/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors , Students/psychology , Time Factors , Brazil/epidemiology , Logistic Models , Pilot Projects , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Crime Victims/psychology , Bullying/psychology , Adverse Childhood Experiences/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
A ocorrência de liderança abusiva constitui fato de enorme saliência, pois se trata de atuação oposta à esperada de um líder. Envolve um conjunto de comportamentos desviantes percebidos pelo subordinado, dos quais ele é o alvo. O estudo dessa forma de liderança se justifica pelas consequências nocivas que desencadeia. Todavia, a sua identificação depende da disponibilidade de uma medida confiável. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo é apresentar as evidências de validade de uma medida de liderança abusiva. A amostra da pesquisa contou com 363 participantes que também forneceram informações sobre satisfação e intenções de rotatividade. Os resultados obtidos revelam boas propriedades psicométricas da escala, com solução unifatorial (56,79 de % variância explicada; α = 0,94). Como esperado, a liderança abusiva mostrou-se negativamente associada com a satisfação e positivamente associada com a intenção de rotatividade. Esses resultados evidenciam a pertinência da medida como ferramenta de diagnóstico da liderança abusiva. (AU)
The occurrence of abusive leadership is a fact of great prominence, since it concerns behavior which is the opposite of what is expected of a leader. It involves several deviant behaviors perceived by subordinates as targeting them. Studying this type of abusive leadership behavior is justified due to its consequences. However, this depends on the availability of a reliable measure. In this context the aim of this study is to present validity evidence for a measure of abusive leadership. The study sample consisted of 363 participants that provided information on jobs satisfaction and turnover intention. The results obtained provided satisfactory evidence for the psychometric properties of the scale, with a single factor solution (56.8% explained variance, α = .94). As expected, abusive leadership showed a negative correlation with job satisfaction and a positive correlation with turnover intention. These results highlight the relevance of the measure as a diagnostic tool for abusive leadership. (AU)
La ocurrencia de liderazgo abusivo constituye un hecho de significativa importancia, dado que se trata de actuación opuesta a lo esperado de un líder. Implica un conjunto de comportamientos desviados percibidos por el subordinado, de los cuales él es el objetivo. El estudio de dicho tipo de liderazgo se justifica por las consecuencias nocivas que desencadena. Sin embargo, su identificación depende de la disponibilidad de una escala fiable. Por consiguiente, el objetivo del presente estudio es presentar evidencias de validez de una escala de liderazgo abusivo. La muestra del estudio contó con 363 participantes que ofrecieron informaciones sobre satisfacción e intenciones de rotación. Los resultados demostraron propiedades psicométricas adecuadas de la escala, con solución unifactorial (56,79 de % varianza explicada; α = 0,94). Como esperado, el liderazgo abusivo se manifestó negativamente asociado con la satisfacción y positivamente relacionado con la intención de rotación. Estos resultados evidencian la adecuación de la escala como herramienta de diagnóstico del liderazgo abusivo. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Bullying/psychology , Leadership , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of Results , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Empirical ResearchABSTRACT
Resumen La migración en Chile ha trascendido enormemente, siendo la educación uno de los principales focos de atención en miras de la transformación. El objetivo de este estudio es describir la discriminación percibida por escolares migrantes de la ciudad de Arica al Norte de Chile, analizando además la relación entre esta última y el estrés por aculturación. Participaron 678 estudiantes de ambos sexos entre Cuarto Básico a Cuarto Medio, entre los 8 y 19 años. Se utilizó la Escala de Discriminación en la Vida Cotidiana (eds) y la Escala de fuentes de estrés por aculturación (feac). Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la discriminación percibida entre escolares migrantes y no migrantes con una puntuación más alta en los migrantes en todas las edades. Se observa también una relación significativa entre discriminación percibida y estrés por aculturación. Se discuten los resultados y sus implicaciones, para el mejoramiento políticas públicas en el ámbito escolar.
Abstract Migration in Chile has transcended enormously, with education being one of the main focuses of attention in the face of transformation. The aim of this study is to describe the perceived discrimination by migrant school students from the city of Arica in the North of Chile, also analyzing the relationship between the latter and acculturation stress. 678 schoolchildren of both sexes participated between the Fourth grade to senior year at High School, with ages between 8 and 19. The Everyday Discrimination Scale (eds) and the Acculturation Stress Source Scale (feac) were used. Significant differences were found in perceived discrimination between migrant and non-migrant schoolchildren with a higher score among migrants at all ages. There is also a significant relationship between perceived discrimination and acculturation stress. The results and their implications are discussed, for the improvement of public policies in the school environment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Prejudice/psychology , Students/psychology , Transients and Migrants , Bullying/psychology , Stress, Psychological , Linear Models , Chile , Surveys and Questionnaires , Analysis of Variance , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Racism/psychology , Social Discrimination/psychology , Ethnocentrism , AcculturationABSTRACT
O artigo se baseia em um estudo sobre a vivência do assédio moral por servidores técnico-administrativos de uma instituição federal de ensino superior de Minas Gerais. A pesquisa teve por objetivos identificar a ocorrência desse problema, suas consequências e possíveis ações de prevenção. Realizou-se um estudo qualitativo por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e em profundidade. Por meio das entrevistas, tentou-se obter informações sobre as características pessoais dos sujeitos em conflito, as particularidades do seu trabalho e o contexto organizacional. Participaram da pesquisa doze servidores que foram ou não vítimas de assédio moral, tendo sido escolhidos, inicialmente, por indicação do sindicato da categoria e, posteriormente, pelo método de Snowball (Bola de Neve). Os resultados confirmam outros obtidos em instituições de ensino superior, revelando formas importantes de violência moral nesse contexto e sugerindo a presença de um grupo dominante na instituição, que dita normas e regras de comportamento, favorecendo o abuso. Tudo isso aponta a necessidade de medidas de prevenção e combate ao problema, além da sua divulgação, dando publicidade a tais formas de conduta, para que todos possam reconhecê-las, denunciá-las e, se possível, preveni-las.
The article is based on a study about the experience of moral harassment by technical-administrative employees of a Higher Education Federal Institution of Minas Gerais. The objective of the research was to identify the occurrence of this problem, its consequences and possible prevention actions. A qualitative study was conducted through semistructured and in-depth interviews. An analysis of the problem of moral harassment in the Institution was carried out taking into account the personal characteristics of the subjects in conflict, the particularities of their work and the organizational context. Twelve employees who were or were not victims of moral harassment participated in the survey, and were initially selected by the representatives union and then, by the Snowball method. The results suggest the presence of a dominant group in the Institution that dictates norms and rules of behavior, favoring abuse, a fact that indicates the need for measures to prevent and combat moral harassment in the context studied, besides its dissemination, giving publicity to such forms of conduct so that everyone can recognize, denounce, and, if possible, prevent them.